Discussion on Diversity, Cultural Understanding and Global Awareness
1) What is the participation gap? How does it differ from the old digital divide? Why is it important for school and society? Use evidence from the edutopia piece and the Hargittai and Walejko piece (the first two articles) to discuss these questions. Food for thought question: What would happen if very few African Americans wrote blogs? How would both society and African Americans suffer from this lack of voice?
2) How does the internet provide space for more than the usual stereotypes? Or, in what ways is the internet a space for voice and equity for marginalized groups? Use evidence from the Wright piece and the King piece (the second two articles) to discuss these questions.
3) What's your take on OLPC programs in other countries? Do you think these programs could benefit the US? Use evidence from the two OLPC videos and article (the last two links) to answer these questions.
I started off the comments by posting these 3 sets of questions as comments so that you can reply to a specific set.
1) What is the participation gap? How does it differ from the old digital divide? Why is it important for school and society? Use evidence from the edutopia piece and the Hargittai and Walejko piece (the first two articles) to discuss these questions. Food for thought question: What would happen if very few African Americans wrote blogs? How would both society and African Americans suffer from this lack of voice?
2) How does the internet provide space for more than the usual stereotypes? Or, in what ways is the internet a space for voice and equity for marginalized groups? Use evidence from the Wright piece and the King piece (the second two articles) to discuss these questions.
3) What's your take on OLPC programs in other countries? Do you think these programs could benefit the US? Use evidence from the two OLPC videos and article (the last two links) to answer these questions.
I started off the comments by posting these 3 sets of questions as comments so that you can reply to a specific set.
3) What's your take on OLPC programs in other countries? Do you think these programs could benefit the US? Use evidence from the two OLPC videos and article (the last two links) to answer these questions.
ReplyDeleteI'm not really sure that the OLPC program could benefit the US. The researchers who conducted the study among the 300 children of migrant families in Beijing did note a slight increase on standardized math scores among those students in the program (though not much change in language skills), and a significant increase in computer skills, they still conclude at the end that more research is needed. And I personally don't think that one study of 300 students is enough to conclude that this program would be beneficial in the US. However, I do think that it's worth exploring at the very least.
DeleteOne other thing I did find interesting from the study was that 12% of the students in the treatment group were less likely to watch television than the students in the control group. And since watching TV is much more passive and--as the article points out--a less effective way of learning, then it's possible that the more interactive computer time can be a means to improve student achievement over time...under the correct circumstances.
My take on the OLPC programs in other countries is that it could be a good thing, but I’m not sure that it could actually work. I feel that it would be a wonderful thing if all children, especially children living in poverty in other countries, had access to their own personal laptop. The study (which seemed to be very small to me) did find that the students’ computer skills improved significantly, and their academic scores (in Math) also improved significantly. With those results shows that the OLPC program could in fact help to reduce the digital divide. Since the case study only covered 300 students, I do not feel that the case study was big enough to be able to conclude that the OLPC program would work. I know that the video stated that the laptops were low cost, but producing a laptop for every single child living in poverty would be extremely expensive. Also, who would train the students to use the laptops? Would they have to figure it out on their own? There also was not always internet access available in the study, and I feel that internet access is extremely important when using computers.
DeleteI think that these programs could benefit the U.S. I feel that if students living in other countries were supplied with their own computer, and internet access (internet access is crucial), it could be a great benefit to students living in the U.S. It would give students from both the U.S. and from other countries the opportunity to collaborate, and work with one another. I think that it could also be beneficial to the U.S. because the laptops could give students from other countries the academic and computer skills to make them successful and helpful contributors to the U.S. and the U.S. economy.
I think the OLPC would be a great thing for those in other countries, however, I do not feel that it will actually work or how it will all play out. If everyone could have a computer that was low cost, durable, and connect to the internet, that would be great. The study in Beijing was only on 300 students in grade three. Within this study there was an increase in academic math scores but not much improvement in language. There was also an increase in computer skills. I feel that one study on 300 students is not enough to show that the OLPC program is beneficial. Like stated in the article, there needs to be more research on the program before it should be ruled out. As for the U.S., I am not sure if it could benefit here. There would need to be more studies done before a conclusion of whether or not it would benefit in the U.S.
DeleteLaura,
DeleteI completely agree with you that the OLPC program would be a great thing for other countries, but that it may not actually work. According to the video over the OLPC, the laptops would be of low cost and durable, but they could not guarantee a connection to the internet. If there was not a connection to the internet on the laptops I feel that it would make them much less practical. It would allow the students to work on computer/academic skills, but it would not allow them to connect with, and collaborate with others. This makes the laptops not as beneficial. I also question the cost. Yes, they may not cost much to produce, but producing one per child could get extremely expensive. Where would that money come from? Last, the video mentioned that the laptops could be charged using solar power, which would be great for places and/or children that do not have electricity. My question is, where would the children take their laptops if there was a virus, or a problem? I also agree with how the article stated that more research needs to be done on this program before it begins. A study of 300 students is extremely small, and not enough to base an opinion over. Overall, I feel that this program could be extremely helpful, I’m just not sure how.
@Jennifer: The XO laptops don't have a hard drive, so it's not as likely they can get a virus, and less likely to crash or need internal repairs too. And they have an estimated lifespan of about four years. And even though they may not all be able to connect to the internet, they can always connect to each other and to their entire class. According to the website, "The laptops have wireless broadband that, among other things, allows them to work as an ad-hoc network: each laptop can talk to its nearest neighbors, creating a local area network even if there are no routers nearby." So that still allows for a lot of collaboration between the kids. The website also says that the various countries' ministries of education often pay for the laptops for the children, but that many are often donated as well, in conjunction with many non-profit organizations. And volunteers provide support for the laptops.
Delete@Laura: Since there are plenty of low-income/poverty level school children in America, I think it would be great if the OLPC program did a case study in America as well. I understand that their main goal is to help children in more underdeveloped countries--to help give those kids technology that they might not otherwise have. But I'd say that the only real way to know for sure if a program like this would work in America would be to test it in America. Although I still debate its true worth here, since so far, the main skills that have increased in the OLPC study group were computer skills rather than content area skills. And that is to be expected when you give computers to kids who haven't had them; of course their computer skills would improve. I think they need to revisit those kids in Beijing later on to see more long-term results, and also they need to perform more studies in other locations too to get a broader collection of data to analyze.
DeleteTina – I like your idea on having them go back to the kids in Beijing later on to see if there are any long-term results. As for America, I agree, the only way you would ever see if it would work is to have a case study here. It would be interesting to see the difference between the case study in Beijing and one here in America and how the results of main skills. Would we have an increase in computer skills as well? I also wonder what would happen if they had another case study in Beijing with 300 different students in a different area to see what the outcome would be and how it would compare to the first study.
DeleteI think that the OLPC program is good in theory. I like what they're trying to do. Based off of the final article I think that the OLPC model still needs to be fine tuned so that maximum benefits could take place. After watching the two videos I was really impressed with OLPC's mission. But after reading the article about the rural Chinese schools and how the devices weren't being used to the fullest extent it leads me to think that more work needs to be done so the technologies can be used to promote computer skills and collaboration. I believe that there are parts in the United States that could benefit from the OLPC initiative. There are many rural and low income places and I believe that those children could really use a laptop that would help them to become a part of the global community.
Delete@Laura - I agree that a lot more research needs to be conducted to see how best to use the laptops. I was definitely disheartened by the article with the 3rd graders. I love OLPC's mission but I don't understand either how the funding works if they want to give a laptop to millions and possibly billions of children.
DeleteI have already said that I question the value of this program. I think more study is needed and I would like to know the cost. Its usefulness in the United States in poor rural areas and possibly the inner city seems more likely to me! It could improve student's abilities in core subjects as well as developing their computer skills which we know are very necessary in the digital age. Studies would have to be done in our country as well.
DeleteMy take on OLPC programs is that it is a nice idea but without a mission that focuses on 12-18 year olds then creating technology based jobs that allow for the children to put OLPC to good use then money is being used form something that wouldn't help 95% of the children who will grow up in rural areas. I am indifferent on if this would be beneficial in the U.S. There would need to be a more extensive case study than 300 children in the U.S.
DeleteI think the OLPC program is great but my only issue is how do they connect areas with no or low reception. You can't have a computer without internet connection. And what are the "goals" once you get everyone connected. You have to provide the students with guidelines and goals for what they do on the computer. As everyone else has stated I believe you need more studies to see if these computers would be valuable to students in the U.S>
Delete2) How does the internet provide space for more than the usual stereotypes? Or, in what ways is the internet a space for voice and equity for marginalized groups? Use evidence from the Wright piece and the King piece (the second two articles) to discuss these questions.
ReplyDeleteI think that the internet provides a space for voice and equity for every type of group. I think that Kathleen King's article made a really strong case for that where the LGBT community is concerned. They embraced the podcast technology as a means to create content in a relatively safe digital environment. It allows them to create their own voice, their own identity, and their own content. It also allows them to respond to feedback--whether it's positive or negative--from a point of authority, and without disempowering them or their voice. That's not always the case with mainstream media, or particularly in non-virtual environments, which the article also makes clear.
DeleteI can't really respond too much with regard to the Wright article, because too much of that content went right over my head. Although I think one of her main points was that people of all races, colors, and genders need to create content and share it online--so that all perspectives are represented and available, rather than the predominantly "heteropatriarchal" viewpoint that seems to dominate.
I feel that the internet provides a place for all people, especially the unusual stereotypes, a place to speak their mind, or communicate their thoughts. It allows the unusual stereotypes create their own work, and communicate and collaborate with others that may be like them. I was surprised to read in the article by Michelle Wright, “African Americans comprise 13 percent of the population, but only make up 8 percent of internet users”. According to the article, there are some websites, such as “Sistahspace” that give African American women the chance to voice their feelings and opinions, but there are not many. I feel that the internet provides a place for African American women to be creators, and have a voice, but there is still a lot of room to grow and improve. Michelle Wright ends her article by encouraging African American women to go on the internet, create websites, and be heard. I think that that is a very powerful suggestion in itself.
DeleteThe internet also provides a space for members of the LGBTQ community to have a voice. According to the article by Kathleen P. King, the new media technology of podcasting gives people in the LGBTQ community the opportunity to be heard and speak their minds. The article states “these podcasts reveal LGBT adults discovering their voices, morphing their public self, and building societal impact individually and collectively”. I feel that the internet provides a space for the unusual stereotypes, a place to be heard, and speak their minds.
As I said before, the internet is a space for voice and equity for marginalized groups. Some of the marginalized groups that the two articles talked about were the LGBT community and African American women. The internet also provides a place for many other marginalized groups a place to have a voice and feel equal. There is still room to grow, but overall the internet provides a place for all groups of people to be equal, speak their minds, and have a voice.
Tina,
DeleteFirst, I want to say that I am completely with you when you said that some of the Wright article went right over your head. I thought it was a little difficult to read, and I struggled with some of the content. I did understand that her main points were that people of all races, colors, and genders needed to create content and share it online, but I think that she was more specifically talking about the importance of African American women creating content and sharing it online. In the article she states that most of the information online is created by white males, which is troublesome to think about. I liked how she ended the article encouraging African American women to take it upon themselves and create their own pieces to put online. I think that will give a much needed voice to some of the technology out there.
In response to King’s article, I agree with you that she made a very strong case for the benefits and importance podcasting through the LGBT community. I think that podcasts are a great place for people in the LGBT community to create their own voice, content, and identity. I also agree that having a voice through podcasting is a much safer, less judgmental place. According to the article, podcasting “helps to find ones voice and claim public space, free from political, social, economic (music and broadcasting), and religious constraints”. Podcasting provides a more equal space for the unusual stereotypes, and marginalized groups.
@Jennifer: I'm glad I am not the only one who found that article difficult (to say the least) to read. That was not, shall we say, enjoyable. ;) I do agree with you that Wright was definitely focused mostly on the importance of African American women creating and sharing content, to get their voices represented. She stressed the marginalization of African American women quite thoroughly. I think the key factor in her pleas though is that they seem to need motivation to contribute. They need to feel like their voice matters as much as anyone else's, which it certainly does. But maybe they just don't feel that, so it's difficult for them to want to contribute. I hope that changes over time. I don't think any one voice should be more important than anyone else's.
DeleteI feel that the internet is a place where anyone can speak their thoughts, post their creations and work with others. With the internet, anyone can post their creations. This includes what was discussed in both articles where African Americans and people in the LGBT community and how they can voice their opinions. Wright’s article on African Americans states that only 8% of the total population of 13% use the internet. As far as King’s article on the LGBT community, the internet provides a space to discover their voice, focusing on how podcasts allow this. Whether African American, part of the LGBT community or any other group, the internet allows us all to voice our opinions.
DeleteTina/Jennifer – I am with you on Wright’s article, and I feel that others will feel the same way. It was a type of reading that “went right over your head”. It was difficult to read. We all agree on the answer to this question as well because from the articles, they all state that the internet provides a space for all to voice their opinion, even for the unusual stereotypes. In Wright’s article, she got the point across about African Americans and how important it is to get their voices heard too. As for King’s article, she definitely got her points across with the benefits of podcasts and how they are great for people in the LGBT community. I think podcasts would be great for use in the classroom as well.
DeleteThe internet provides space for more than the usual stereotypes by allowing open forums through a variety of outlets: podcasts, blogs, vlogs, etc. "Podcasts reveal LGBT adults discovering their voices, morphing their public self, and building societal impact individually and collectively." (Slamming the Closet Door and Taking Control, p.1) Creating content allows people space to (anonymously) verbalize what they want. Sometimes this can backfire on people or the creator just gets bored, loses interest, in continuously trying to keep up with their posts. "The podcast movement has been widely associated with the slogan, 'Democratization of the Media.' Therefore, it is consistent to assert that finding one's voice and claiming public space, free from political, social, economic (music and broadcasting), and religious constraints would be a common motivation among LGBT podcasters." Everyone should have the opportunity to state what they want unless it becomes physically dangerous. If people don't want to hear about something, they have a choice not to visit a website (or to continue to view one).
DeleteThe internet allows for the voices of those who are traditionally in a minority or those who are marginalized because the internet provides an equal and public platform for those who chose to share on it. I liked in the King piece they talked about how when using a podcast you are able to have some sense of anonymity. I think this prevents people from having preconceived notions about you if they see you speaking on the news or having a blog where you post pictures. I think it's important that all types of people are able to be heard. In the Wright article it talked about having a lot of different pro-black sites because it will allow all types of people to see themselves reflected in the media and in can help non-blacks to learn and respect the black culture.
Delete@ Jennifer/ Tina/ Laura-
DeleteI agree with you on Wright's article. It was definitely hard to get through. But I do agree that I felt like I got the majority of what she was saying. I wish it had been a little bit clearer and more concise. I've never really listened to podcasts, but I think using them could be interesting for kids. I know we talk about getting information from a variety of sources and using podcast could be a great way for our auditory listeners to learn more about the world around them and to find new and different points of view.
Has anyone in our class used the directory that King talked about in her article? Like I mentioned already I'm not familiar with podcasts at all.
Overall- I feel like both articles highlighted the importance of allowing all people, regardless of skin color, race, sexual orientation, etc., to be able to post freely and without judgement on various Web 2.0 platforms.
On the Internet there is more safety to say what you are thinking without fear of personal criticism. The marginal groups such as LGBT and black minorities are able to have a voice with anonymity and freedom. When they post podcasts that are of interest to people with similar backgrounds, lifestyles, and interests. It is a great way to connect!
DeleteI agree that the internet does provide a voice to LGBT and minorities but is the voice being represented in blogs or podcast necessarily the voice you want representing these groups. As with any group there are those that would be considered extreme and giving that kind of voice a venue it can be hurtful to the non-extreme in group!!! I am not in favor of censorship but I think we all have to be aware some of these voices are not the voice we want to hear!
Delete1) What is the participation gap? How does it differ from the old digital divide? Why is it important for school and society? Use evidence from the edutopia piece and the Hargittai and Walejko piece (the first two articles) to discuss these questions. Food for thought question: What would happen if very few African Americans wrote blogs? How would both society and African Americans suffer from this lack of voice?
ReplyDeleteThe way I understand it, the participation gap is the gap between who creates and shares content online and who doesn't, along with the types of content that different types of people create--between men, women, different races, and people with different socioeconomic backgrounds, along with people who have more educated parents (based on their comparison of those aspects). This differs from the old digital divide in that the digital divide used to represent the gap between people who had access to computers and technology and those that didn't.
DeleteI think this is important for school and society because through the study the authors found that socioeconomic background does play a significant role in content creation. Their findings also speak to the types of content created most by each gender and background type, and knowing these things can impact ways to create more meaningful learning experiences for students. It can also suggest how things are marketed to the various demographics of our society.
According to the study, more African Americans and Native Americans report writing. So if very few African Americans wrote blogs, both society and the African American community could suffer because their voice could be lost--and their voice is just as important and impactful as anyone else's. Blogs can very much speak to an individual's or group's personal and cultural identity, and so they can help to represent a culturally diverse society. How would we have that perspective or appreciate it if we couldn't read about it in an individual's own words? And if the African American voice wasn't present in a medium that reaches so many people, how would other African Americans find a common voice or identity to relate to? We need all voices and all perspectives in order to be fully represented, and in order to appreciate and understand our rich diversity as a society.
In both articles it never really came out and directly stated what the participation gap is, but from my understanding, based on the article “The Participation Divide”, the participation gap is taking the definition of digital divide one step further. The participation gap is based on one’s socioeconomic status. According to the article “The Participation Divide” “students with at least one parent with a graduate degree are significantly more likely to create content, either online or offline, than others”. Students that do not have either parent with a graduate degree are less likely to create content. Students that have a parent with a graduate degree are more likely to have access to a computer, at home, where they can constantly work on their computer and academic skills. Students that do not have a parent with a graduate degree are less likely to have a computer at home, and their only access to a computer is most likely at their school, or at their library. This gives those students less time to develop their computer and academic skills, which causes the participation gap.
DeleteThe old digital divide, according to the Edutopia article, is “a term coined in the mid-90s to label a growing gap between those with access to computers and those without”. The access to a computer could be at home, at school, or anywhere that had access to computers. The participation gap is more specific than the digital divide because it focuses specifically on socioeconomic status which helps to separate the creators from the non-creators. The new digital divide is different from the old digital divide. The new digital dive encompasses so much more than computers. There are smart phones and tablets. There are also different programs such as YouTube, Twitter, and etc. Technology is constantly changing, and the participation gap and the digital divide continue to grow.
It is important for school and society because both schools and societies need to realize that all students do not have equal access to technology. That is why it is so important that technology be incorporated into the schools so that all students have access to it.
In response to the food for thought question, if very few African Americans wrote blogs there would be a lack of voice in the African American community. The blogs would be written from the perspective of Caucasian people, Latino people, Asian people, but not from African American people. This would affect both society and African Americans because different people and different races have different views and opinions on different issues. If we had fewer African American blogs we would be missing the views and opinions of an entire race of people. According to “The Participation Divide” article, the percentage of African Americans who share content, controlling for engagement in creative pursuits on the internet is 47.2%, which is the second lowest percentage. Whites, Hispanics, and Asian Americans have a higher percentage of sharing content, and Native Americans are the only group that have a lower percentage of sharing content. This gives African Americans less of a voices, which affects society. In order to have well rounded blogs, and information posted to the internet, it is important that those sources come from all groups and all races of people.
DeleteThe participation gap means the gap between those that create and share their creations online and those that do not. It also goes along with the gap between those who share their creations online; men, women, race, background and educated individuals. The participation differs from the old digital divide because the digital divide is based on the gap between those that had access to technology/computers and those that did not.
DeleteWithin the study, if African Americans didn’t write blogs, their voice would not be heard. We all need to be heard, no matter if African American, Native American, etc. If different cultures didn’t speak their voice in blogs, the appreciation to understand the diversity as a society would be lost.
Tina – I don’t think either article actually came out and said what the participation gap was. I do agree with you that the gap is between those that share content online and those who don’t. It also goes along with who is creating it such as men, women, races, etc. You make a great point that this is important for school and society because from the research, the socioeconomic background does play a role. I also agree with your views on African Americans and if their voices weren’t heard, we wouldn’t be able to appreciate the diversity of all.
DeleteI thought the article made it clear as to what the participation gap was. I got the idea that it was a difference among race, gender and economic status. This is different from the old digital divide in that the old digital was the difference between generations. The Edutopia article discussed that the next divide could be between students and teachers. Connie Yowell, MacArthur Foundation's director of education, "described a dramatic shift in emphasis in the educational-grant philosophy of the MacArthur Foundation. The focus of grants, she indicated, would shift from such areas as school reform and instructional improvement toward the socially mediated world of digital learning." If it's not one divide, it's another.
DeleteThe way I understand the participation gap is the gap that exists between socioeconomic groups and the amount of content each group creates and shares online. It is different than the old digital divide because during that time, the reason for non participation was because a group did not have the technology. Now, with all of the technology that is cheap and easy to attain the divide has gone to the way side and now the focus is on the participation of the socioeconomic groups. When looking at the participation gap and why it is important for school and society, it is important that everyone have a voice and be able to be heard. Schools have a great ability to help with the participation gap, called teaching. If schools see that the participation gap is wide in the respective school, the school could focus on a new way for students to complete assignments and discussion by having them online through blogs that can be shared so the students are able to see that their voices can be heard on the internet. In society, for a person to understand a different socioeconomic group, they must hear about it from a person that is currently in the group. Many people listen to the mainstream media where some types of people are spoken about and pictured as bad people when most people are not. It also allows for different groups to come together to create solutions for problems that may be occurring that needs to be addressed in the community.
DeleteThe participation gap that was referenced in the second piece talks about those who actively use social media/ Web 2.0 tools and those who do not. Whereas the digital divide was those people who had access to/ owned technology devices and those who did not.
DeleteI think that it's important to consider the participation gap when we are educating our students. I think that Rheingold said it the best, "Teaching social media will have the effect of revolutionizing the world of learning." We need to be aware of what are students are doing when they're not in our classrooms and bridge the gap between home and school. Also if we are not teaching them how to use social media and other Web 2.0 tools I feel that we are not adequately preparing them for their futures in the work force. It is imperative that our students become college and career ready and this includes using technology. The technology we have will only continue to evolve and we need to be able to help support our students.
If we didn't have African American blogs we would lose out on the perspective that those writers have. We would also lose a lot of information on black culture. Furthermore, I think we would be repressing African Americans in the future because they won't be sharing thoughts and ideas like many others around the world. Plus it is always a positive image to see people like yourself accomplishing important things. (such as having a well known blog, being on TV, winning award, etc.) that if we didn't have African Americans doing this there would probably be many young African Americans who felt like they couldn't do those things either.
@Jennifer-
DeleteI agree with your thoughts about if we didn't have African Americans writing blogs. I didn't take into account who would be writing their history. Your comments that the African American views would be written by Caucasians, Hispanics, and Asian Americans really made me pause and think. I don't think the other racial groups would be able to adequately express what it's like to be black since none of them are. The writer may have a lot of empathy for the cause, but ultimately it's not the same. We would be doing a huge disservice to the African American population if we didn't allow them the chance to post blogs and be heard.
The participation gap is teachers having access to the Internet and not using it to full advantage and not understanding all the social websites and the places that the students use. The digital divide means there are those that don't even have access to the Internet and therefore are ignorant to its use and connectivity.
DeleteThe participation gap is who creates and shares on the internet where the digital divide is the difference of those who are able to use the internet/computers. The digital divide is who has access and who does not. I think with the participation gap, the research states that participation is effected by socioeconomic status and gender. If you have a school and or a school population that is not connected (digital divide) then you are working at a disadvantage. These folks cannot connect for research , and don't have the ability to connect (phone, tablet) with internet community. If you have a portion of "society" without connectability you cannot hear their voice. This is a bigger issue than some would believe. I think every school at the very least should be connected.
DeleteAs for the food for thought question, I believe every nationality/gender/group should be represented on the internet. We need to hear the voices to understand a group that may be different than us. I just think we have to have the ability to filter out the voices that may be an extreme voice.
3) What's your take on OLPC programs in other countries? Do you think these programs could benefit the US?
ReplyDeleteI think that the OLPC program is a beneficial program so that everyone can be on the same page in today's fast-pace technological society. One place where I can foresee an issue is cultural. Do all cultures of the world have an interest in "keeping up with the Jones'" by incorporating something in which they do not have any interest? Some societies are happy and content with who they are and what they are doing. Is it necessary to push something on them that they do not want or need? Personally if I had the chance at moving ahead in my life by learning with a computer that is given to me, I would jump on it. However, not everyone feels that way. So, my question is: is the program explained to the possible recipients before handing over the computers?
A blog that is written and read by African Americans contributes to them having their own cultural voice and gets them away from the standard white way of thinking. Their are able to share their voice and their particular struggled which may be somewhat different than the norm. If we are to become one nation with equality and understand we need to connect with each other in every way possible. This is a great way in the digital age!!!
ReplyDelete